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| citizens militias |
Although beingness armed inwards the U.S.A. is yesteryear no way a novelty, during the early on 1990s the collection of marginalized groups that comprised the right-wing “Patriot” community found their ranks swelling equally meaning numbers of newly disaffected Americans joined “citizens militias” across the United States.
Strongest inwards the rural heartland of the West, Midwest, together with South, at its zenith inwards 1996 the motility had militias active inwards all l states together with numbered maybe equally many equally 50,000 members, with several millions of supporters together with sympathizers.
Some militia leaders have got claimed full membership figures equally high equally 10 million, which is frankly far fetched; federal agents have got suggested that supporters could number inwards the millions. Perhaps to a greater extent than realistically, others propose a full militia membership of betwixt 20,000 together with 60,000.
Ostensibly defensive inwards posture, mobilizing inwards item against gun laws together with equally a defiant response to the federal outrages at
Ruby Ridge (1992) together with at
Waco (1993), the militia motility was remarkable together with unusual non entirely for claiming to endure socially inclusive, champaign able to recruit African Americans, Hispanics, Jews, together with middle-class professionals, but also for utilizing what some have got termed “fusion paranoia”—that is, conspiracy theories non just to the correct of the political spectrum, but also those incorporating the arguments to the left (Kelly). However, the view that the militia motility was progressive was sharply contradicted yesteryear many analysts.
One commentator saw the militias equally acting equally “recruiting pools” for the racist underground, pointing out that the same metro spawned Tim McVeigh, the
Oklahoma City bomber. And equally early on equally 1994, the various “watchdog” organizations that monitor the activities of the far correct were raising the alert that racists together with antisemites were lurking inwards the background, disguising their truthful ideology behind constitutionalist arguments.
The “constitutionalist militias” that have got since acquire a permanent characteristic of the antigovernment motility are united entirely inwards price of their opposition to the “
New World Order”—an elitist conspiracy to do a global socialist tyranny. The grade to which racism together with antisemitism dominate this coalition is highly questionable, together with it is the nature of conspiracy theories that holds the key to understanding the purpose together with significance of the militias.
What the Militias Believe Can nosotros genuinely push clit the militias equally a movement? Arguably, the exercising of gun rights represents entirely a mutual strategy amid various groups (such equally survivalists; the advocates of mutual police who declare themselves “sovereign citizens”; militant antiabortionists; together with pro-gun activists), but this does non necessarily correspond a mutual ideology or set of principles.
Nonetheless, the term “militia movement” is widely used to refer to those who frame their activity inwards price of defending the U.S. Constitution, together with who fighting that the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights (“A good regulated militia, beingness necessary to the security of a complimentary state, the correct of the people to maintain together with deport arms, shall non endure infringed”) is the 1 that guarantees all the other constitutional rights.
The entirely existent number some which the motility coheres is opposition to gun control, which is seen equally a precursor to “tyranny”. “The private correct to deport armed forces arms is a fundamental together with undergirding regulation of our Republic,” argues a prominent pro-militia journalist, together with therefore, he concludes, “upon its removal the entire national regime would acquire an illegitimate tyranny”.
The spirit of rebellion against gun laws is summed upward inwards the phrase, “You tin have got my gun when you lot pry it from my cold, dead hands,” together with it is the symbolic importance of the Second Amendment that guides the militia movement, tied into the ideology of nationalism: “This refusal to submit to tyranny is non simply close firearms. It is close human rights, it is close the dominion of law, together with it is close the continuance of this keen nation”.
How tin it endure that the militias, who nowadays themselves equally “Patriots” inwards defence forcefulness of U.S. values, are also “antigovernment”? This tin entirely endure answered yesteryear understanding the politics of nationalism. The FBI’s special study of 1999, Project Megiddo, which discussed the possibility of civil disorder at the start of the novel millennium, listed the next criteria equally a guideline for what constitutes a militia: “(1) a domestic organisation with ii or to a greater extent than members; (2) the organisation must possess together with usage firearms; together with (3) the organisation must deportment or encourage paramilitary training.”
Jon Roland, of the pro-militia Constitution Society, argues that this Definition is non the 1 implied inwards the U.S. Constitution, especially the Second Amendment, together with that “the discussion militia way defence forcefulness service, together with is applicable to whatsoever 1 or to a greater extent than persons engaged inwards the defence forcefulness of the community.” Roland cites George Mason, who defined the militia equally “the whole people, except for a few public officials,” together with he describes the FBI’s mentality inwards dealing with the militias equally “essentially fascist” (Roland).
This accusation—that federal employees together with “socialist” politicians such equally the Clintons are “fascists”—is a really mutual 1 inwards militia propaganda. By leveling this accuse at their enemies, militia leaders tin claim, sometimes with genuine conviction, to endure “antifascist,” thereby effectively preempting those on the left who themselves accuse that genuine fascists together with antisemites are influential inside the militias.
The website www.US-militia.org, for instance, describes those states with stringent gun laws equally “despicable together with fascist,” spell also stating, “If you lot are a racist, NAZI, KKK, aryan national, psycho or whatsoever other type of genetic freak; nosotros do non want you. We propose you lot locomote regard a psychiatrist or other mental wellness professional.” Nevertheless, despite this disclamation, the site contains a link to the seventh Missouri Militia—the most openly racist militia site, run yesteryear Martin Lindstedt.
In a similar vein, a pro-militia group, Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, puts forrard an declaration that gun command has “racist roots” (because blacks inwards the South have got historically been denied the correct to gun ownership) together with that it is a precursor to “genocide.”
Therefore, yesteryear opposing gun laws the militias fighting that they are preventing the likelihood of genocide beingness carried out inwards the U.S.A. against whatsoever minority. Within this framework gun owners are depicted equally a victimized grouping denied their civil rights inwards much the same way equally nonwhites historically have got been denied theirs (www.JPFO.org is 1 of the most widely linked pro-gun sites from militia sites).
This mirrors the strategy of the Christian Right, who have got since the 1980s utilized the linguistic communication of “civil rights” inwards defence forcefulness of Christian values, together with have got employed conspiracy theories concerning “secular humanism”—portrayed equally a competition organized religious belief to Christianity.
Apart from “nationalism,” expressed equally the want to “save America,” at that spot is no guiding ideology behind a motility that to a greater extent than often than non denies beingness “antigovernment” at all—militias are simply opposed to “unconstitutional” government, their exponents claim. Widespread understanding exists amid militia members entirely that at that spot exists a conception to impose global tyranny, unremarkably referred to equally the New World Order. This is specifically a socialist conception for global domination.
Within this conception a cardinal purpose is played yesteryear the United Nations, which, it is claimed, volition usage unusual troops to disarm the U.S. public next the enactment of stringent gun-control measures, hence the importance non entirely of gun ownership, but also of preparation together with drilling inwards armed forces techniques together with marksmanship.
The “precipitating factors” that spurred the motility included the passage of the 1993 Brady Bill, which regulated the sale of handguns together with restricted ownership to nonfelons; the outlawing of “assault weapons” equally component of the Omnibus Crime Bill (1995), passed inwards the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing; the passage of international merchandise agreements such equally the Global Agreement on Trade together with Tariffs (GATT) together with
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which politicians such equally Patrick Buchanan said were causing U.S. jobs to endure exported to the Third World; together with ii events that indicated, from the Christian Patriot perspective, that the federal regime had declared state of war on its people: the botched sieges yesteryear federal agents at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, inwards 1992 together with and so again, to a greater extent than cataclysmically, at Waco, Texas, inwards 1993.
These events were interpreted equally proof that the New World Order was nearing completion. H5N1 Texan militia commander said of Waco, “We were sleep-walking through life. It was the massacre that woke us all up. When the history of this historic catamenia is written, that’ll endure the shot that rang out some the basis together with changed everything”.
Militia activists are widely characterized equally sharing a conspiracist outlook. Core beliefs include: that the New World Order volition require the usage of concentration camps for Christian resisters; that unmarked dark helicopters are beingness used yesteryear the armed forces inwards preparation for their plans; that unusual troops working for the UN volition endure used to disarm civilians together with imprison them; that international route signs are used inwards the U.S.A. inwards monastic say to help these unusual troops; that urban street gangs (such equally the Bloods together with Crips inwards Los Angeles) volition endure used equally “shock troops” for the New World Order; together with that implanted chips are beingness used to monitor U.S. citizens (a belief shared yesteryear Tim McVeigh).
The next elite groups are identified equally the instigators of the conspiracy: the Skull together with Bones cloak-and-dagger society, based at Yale University (of which the Bush theater unit of measurement are said to endure members); the Council on Foreign Relations; the Trilateral Commission (comprising economic, political, together with media elites from Western Europe, North America, together with Japan); the Bilderbergers; the
Rockefeller together with Rothschild banking families; together with the British regal family. Many of these conspiracy theories are the same equally those of the John Birch Society, who label these elites “the Insiders.”
Although these elites include Americans, the conspiracy itself is specifically un-American, equally pointed out yesteryear Bo Gritz, speaking inwards 1992: “what nosotros regard are the tentacles of this elite club.... I holler upward the head, the brain, the guts of this affair likely lies offshore from the United States”.
This is a brief summary of some of the to a greater extent than mutual theories, which non all militia members volition believe. Another pop view is the proposition that
UFOs have got made contact with human governments together with they are colluding with corrupt elites, equally advanced yesteryear William Cooper inwards Behold a Pale Horse, a volume that is both pop together with influential inwards militia circles (and which takes its championship from a line inwards the Book of Revelation 6: 8).
Some conspiracy theories are to a greater extent than mundane, relating to wellness issues such equally fluoride inwards H2O supplies, or the belief that high schoolhouse shootings are caused yesteryear giving the drug Ritalin to children. It is belief inwards conspiracies that informs all resistance from the far right, framed inwards opposition to the left. Unanimity is non required, simply the identification of mutual enemies—the enemies of the nation.
Militia together with Patriot publications together with websites also nowadays an economical analysis, inwards which the Federal Reserve is depicted equally a corrupt body, backed yesteryear private banking interests, overseeing a monetary scheme based upon usury together with fictitious capital.
There is a considerable crossover into the revenue enhancement protest/resistance constituency of Patriots who believe that the payment of income tax—which was introduced illegally inwards 1912, it is argued—is genuinely voluntary together with non a compulsory obligation.
By refusing to cooperate with the Inland Revenue Service (IRS), Patriots believe that they are striking a blow against the New World Order. By declaring themselves “sovereign citizens” many believe that they tin legally evade income tax, so long equally they larn “common law” good plenty to refute the erroneous arguments of IRS officials inwards court.
Predictably, run-ins with the IRS have got resulted inwards many would-be Patriots becoming incarcerated or fined, equally their mutual police argu- ments have got failed to win out inwards court. Thus “tax resisters” often acquire available for recruitment to the far right, equally was the instance with Robert Mathews of The Order, for instance.
In militia publications together with websites, comparisons are commonly made with the province of affairs when America was a British colony, ruled yesteryear King George III, which resulted inwards the American Revolution together with the overthrow of colonial rule.
This comparing legitimizes resistance against corrupt federal authority, summed upward inwards the oft-repeated quote from Ben Franklin, “They that would surrender essential freedom for a picayune temporary security deserve neither freedom nor safety.”
The vast bulk of militia websites together with publications, it should endure emphasized, limited entirely the utmost loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, which they experience is nether threat from traitorous enemies, together with they disavow both racism together with violence.
It is apparent that the militias’ typical stance, beingness 1 of rebellion together with distrust of mainstream politics together with culture, leads many to come upward into conflict with police enforcement agencies, together with the Militia Watchdog website provides a lengthy litany of militia members together with leaders who have got been arrested together with charged with crimes ranging from firearms offenses, revenue enhancement evasion, together with civil disobedience (such equally driving without a valid driver’s license), to to a greater extent than serious ones such equally conspiracy to blow upward federal buildings.
In some cases, such equally that of the Arizona Viper Militia, the leading protagonists inwards a conspiracy to brand bombs turned out to endure undercover federal agents (eleven out of the twelve who were arrested inwards 1996 eventually received prison theater sentences).
Impact of September 11 Prior to the terrorist attacks of 11 September Mark Pitcavage believed that the militia motility “has sure enough declined, but it is non inwards danger of disappearing, together with inwards fact inwards many parts of the province it is silent really strong. In some parts of the country, where militia arrests set it depression (such equally West Virginia together with Georgia), it is reforming.”
He also mentioned the “reflowering” of the revenue enhancement protestation motility together with the increment inwards popularity of the “redemption” tactic of mutual police adherents (a type of fiscal scam), “active inwards virtually every unmarried state”. Militias were also able to mobilize supporters for lengthy standoffs with police enforcement agencies inwards both Indiana together with Texas during 2000–2001, at the Indianapolis Baptist Church together with the Joel Grey farm, respectively.
Taking the “antigovernment movement” equally a whole, of which the militias are but a part, Pitcavage concluded that it “has existed inwards to a greater extent than or less its nowadays shape since the early on 1970s together with nobody’s managed to postage stamp it out yet. I doubtfulness it is dead correct now.”
However, since 11 September the militias have got been somewhat eclipsed yesteryear the moving ridge of patriotism that has swept the United States, coupled with the potent back upward for President Bush together with the federal government’s “war on terrorism.” Militia websites have got adapted their rhetoric, arguing that terrorism stands with socialism, liberalism, together with communism equally threats to U.S. values together with prosperity.
The lesson for the gun lobby—the middle of gravity for the militias—was that the airplane hijackings could have got been avoided if air passengers were allowed to send guns on board flights: “only self defence forcefulness yesteryear the ‘unorganized militia’ volition endure available when domestic or unusual terrorists withdraw their side yesteryear side minute of murder. And hither is the public-policy implication of this fact: It would endure improve if the militia were to a greater extent than prepared to human activity when it is needed”.
The passengers who fought against the hijackers on Flight 93, which came downwards inwards rural Pennsylvania, it is argued, were effectively acting equally a citizens’ militia. Individualized security—the correct of the citizen to deport arms together with shape militias—is held equally the ideal, contrasted with whatsoever notion of collectivized security arrangements carried out yesteryear the province inwards conjunction with the disarming of civilians, which remains anathema to the Right inwards the United States.
It is clear, however, that militia appeals have got lost a grade of salience equally a resultant of 11 September, equally at that spot is 1 time again an external enemy taking on a similar purpose to that of international communism during the mutual frigidness war. As Norm Olson set it, “I don’t want anyone to have got the thought that we’re going to bow downwards to the federal government, but I holler upward this could endure a novel beginning.... As long equally at that spot is a unusual enemy, nosotros volition run together with our federal government. George Bush’s enemy is my enemy”.
Nevertheless, given the nature of conspiracist thinking, it is clear that many volition endure resistant to appeals to back upward the federal government, together with volition regard 11 September equally a planned event, component of the conspiracy—as does the Freedom Fighter Net, linked from the Michigan Militia site: “As Franklin Delano Roosevelt is quoted equally saying: ‘Nothing always happens inwards international politics that isn’t planned.’ Our leaders may non have got a clue what is genuinely going on here, but these attacks have got New World Order together with One World Government written all over them.”
Hidden Agendas? The pro-militia publication the Patriot Report (run yesteryear Christian Identity adherent George Eaton, out of Arkansas) argued that the militias formed inwards the 1990s equally a defensive response to “when the socialist alter agents began making offensive moves against the U.S. Constitution together with American sovereignty.... the entirely affair standing inwards the conspirators’ way of full basis conquest,” he continued, “was the few American patriots who silent believe inwards the constitutional American Republic.... It was aggressive together with offensive moves yesteryear the conspirators for a One World Government that caused the patriot community to recognize tyranny together with and so to shape militias.... The militias are defensive, non offensive or revolutionary”.
Nevertheless, “watchdog” organizations, such equally the ADL together with the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), together with some activists fighting that the militias harbor hidden agendas together with that racists together with antisemites have got played influential roles inwards the formation of the militia movement. They farther fighting that the “Patriots” who brand upward the mass of the membership constituted “the seedbed, if non the realization, of a uniquely American variety of fascism”.
Morris Dees (of Klanwatch—part of the SPLC that Dees heads) describes John Trochmann, founder of the Militia of Montana, equally “a frequent visitor to the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations,” champaign indicating guilt yesteryear association. In Dees’s volume Gathering Storm: America’s Militia Threat, he links the militias direct with Tim McVeigh (the Oklahoma City bomber), suggesting that the motility “led to the most destructive human activity of domestic terrorism” inwards U.S. history upward until that point.
Dees stated inwards a missive of the alphabet to the together with so U.S. attorney general, Janet Reno: “Our business office has confirmed the active involvement of a number of well-known white supremacists, Posse Comitatus, Christian Identity, together with other extremist leaders together with groups inwards the growing militia movement”. These included established far-right leaders such equally Louis Beam (ex–Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon), Bo Gritz (“a notorious antisemite”), together with James Wickstrom (a Posse Comitatus leader).
In making the instance for the involvement of far-right activists, Dees is non lonely inwards ascribing a coming together that took house inwards Oct 1992 at Estes Park, Colorado, equally a sort of planning coming together for the formation of the militias. Known equally the “Rocky Mountain Rendezvous,” it brought together over 150 far-right leaders, including Richard Butler of Aryan Nations, Red Beckman of the Fully Informed Jury Association, together with Larry Pratt, founder of Gun Owners of America, who represented the militant fly of the pro-gun lobby.
The event, which was organized yesteryear Pete Peters largely inwards response to the Ruby Ridge siege that had taken house before inwards the year, featured a keynote spoken language yesteryear Louis Beam inwards which he outlined the “leaderless resistance” strategy, based upon cellular, decentralized structures champaign similar to those employed yesteryear the “Committees of Correspondence” during the American Revolution.
In the article of the same holler that explains “Leaderless Resistance,” originally written inwards 1983, Beam advocates various ways inwards which “those who honey our race, culture, together with heritage” tin resist “federal tyranny,” which he regards equally having replaced the threat of communism inwards the United States.
Strategies include utilizing “camouflage,” yesteryear which Beam way “the powerfulness to blend inwards the public’s oculus the to a greater extent than committed groups of resistance with mainstream ‘kosher’ associations that are to a greater extent than often than non seen equally harmless.”
In other words, racists should involve themselves inwards groups through beingness disingenuous close their truthful ideology. With this inwards mind, it is clear that it would endure impossible to evidence that racists together with antisemites are dominant inside the militias, but at the same fourth dimension it is a fair supposition that at that spot are at to the lowest degree some present.
Nevertheless, the purpose of racists should non endure overstated. Mark Pitcavage believes that Estes Park was non peculiarly relevant to the evolution of the militia motility together with that “most militia leaders never fifty-fifty heard of it.” Representatives of both the SPLC together with ADL are agreed that the militia motility is non mainly characterized yesteryear racism.
Martin Durham argues, “Rather than regard Estes Park equally the origin of the modern militias it would seem to a greater extent than useful to regard it equally 1 of many Patriot initiatives that anticipated, but entirely inwards some cases influenced, the emergence of a novel moving ridge of paramilitary groups inwards 1994”. He concludes that far to a greater extent than emphasis should endure given to the purpose of the militant pro-gun lobby, including the National Rifle Association, but to a greater extent than significantly a competition group, the Gun Owners of America (headed yesteryear Larry Pratt).
For some, it is the belief inwards conspiracy theories that is regarded equally proof plenty that the militias harbor racist sentiments: “This electrical flow crop of conspiracy theories is written on a template forged long agone together with reshaped yesteryear successive tales of cloak-and-dagger worldwide conspiracies”. The declaration is that the inwards a higher house theories tin endure traced dorsum to antisemitic conspiracy theories, based on the model of Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a forged occupation concern human relationship of Jewish plans for global domination.
But this is to overlook the overwhelming religiosity of the movement. Other commentators have got drawn attending to what they regard equally the leading purpose of Christian “reconstructionists” together with antiabortion radicals (often with links to white-supremacist theologies).
But at that spot is far to a greater extent than consensus that it was Pat Robertson’s 1991 bestseller, The New World Order, that did most to pave the way for the militias. It both popularized together with brought together secular together with religious conspiracy theories inwards a unmarried overarching analysis that labeled the conspirators equally motivated yesteryear absolute evil (McLemee).
Robertson specifically rules out blaming “monopoly capitalism” for the problems of the world—there is “some other powerfulness at work.” He identifies the “policy elites” who are attempting to dominate the basis together with concludes that such impulses bound “from the depth of something that is evil, neither good intentioned nor benevolent”.
There is no overt racism or antisemitism inwards the book, however, although Robertson took considerable flak for his determination to utilize antisemitic sources—he included references to both Eustace Mullins together with Nesta Webster, for example.
Rather than demonizing the militias equally racist conspiracies guided yesteryear antisemitism, Mark Fenster argues that they are improve understood if the of import modern purpose of “popular eschatology” is emphasized: that is, the do of reading together with interpreting both history together with contemporary events equally the signs foretold inwards the Bible, mediated to a mass marketplace of Christians (hence pop eschatology).
The Book of Revelation is peculiarly significant, speaking of “fire together with smoke together with brimstone”; the number of the Beast (666); the 4 horsemen of the Apocalypse; the vehement devastation of Babylon together with the slaying of a 3rd of the human population; the lx minutes of judgment; Armageddon; together with so on. Rather than preparing for a race war, Fenster feels that militia members are to a greater extent than probable to endure preparing to fighting it out with the Antichrist, assisting the forces of Christ inwards the concluding showdown at Armageddon.
Popular eschatology is based upon a “mechanistic theory of powerfulness ... [which] echoes, together with at times explicitly borrows, the theories of to a greater extent than secular right-wing conspiracy theories,” but they are non the same thing. Although the lines betwixt religious together with secular conspiracy theories are blurred, “they each emerge from distinct, if at times overlapping, social together with cultural contexts” (Fenster, 147).
It is, therefore, the deviation betwixt conservative Protestantism on the 1 hand, together with modernist/liberal Protestantism on the other, that holds the key to understanding pop eschatology, which is deeply traditionalist together with pious. The militias correspond the backlash politics of conservative Protestantism, reacting against the domination of “secular humanism” together with the (immoral) liberal consensus that prevails inwards contemporary America.
There are concerns that militias purpose equally “bridges,” facilitating the motility of Christian conservatives toward the far right, equally they encounter the secular conspiracy theories of the Christian Right together with the John Birch Society, whose tracts are widely available on militia sites, together with and so acquire susceptible to the to a greater extent than unsafe extremism of antisemites, whose sites are far less often linked (Barkun).
Similarly, Ken Stern (107) uses the notion of “funnels” to push clit the way that the motility takes people inwards over concerns over a broad gain of issues, such equally gun command together with environmental restrictions, together with and so when they acquire to the extremist heart of the funnel they emerge equally antisemites, equally did Tim McVeigh.
Militias also correspond really existent economical interests, such equally gun manufacturers who usage patriotism to boost sales together with who promote gun ownership equally the antidote to private insecurity; anti-environmentalists who back upward the rights of loggers together with mining interests over the efforts yesteryear Greens to limit the usage of natural resources together with to protect wildernesses; together with complimentary marketplace libertarians whose master copy concern is with maintaining a vibrant civilisation of antitax militancy together with antigovernmentalism.
These various interests limited no back upward for racism or antisemitism, but because they employ the myths of nationalism together with have got a dialectical human relationship with the same caricatured versions of their ideological enemies—liberalism together with socialism—then they also have got to fighting with the racists inwards their midst who regard the patch equally an ethnically based entity (belonging to white Europeans) rather than a values-based 1 (of which all immigrants tin acquire a part). As far equally militias are concerned, it is the political Left that has the hidden agenda (the eventual creation of communism), which volition resultant inwards the enslavement of all nations.
The militias are ideologically “slippery,” together with thence able to recruit beyond the traditional “Christian Patriot” base of operations of support, exactly because they have got no demand to endure opened upward together with unambiguous close what they genuinely believe in. They correspond symbolic resistance to globalization, multiculturalism, together with province power, often reflecting cultural chauvinism, but for every racist militia at that spot is at to the lowest degree 1 libertarian one.
They are a crusade for concern for police enforcement agencies because, equally Mark Pitcavage puts it, “they have got the tools for violence coupled with an ideology inwards which violence is non entirely permissible but if used for the correct ends, admirable.” By refusing to specify what the ultimate ends mightiness endure they are hoping to displace beyond the fringes together with into the mainstream.
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as well as Seligman Brothers, every bit good every bit the European financier August Belmont, participated inward these syndicates, fueling the allegations of “foreign influence” or “Jewish control.”
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